RvK_bibliography.bib
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@ARTICLE{poe00,
AUTHOR = {U. P{\"o}schl and von Kuhlmann, R. and N. Poisson and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Development and Intercomparison of Condensed Isoprene Oxidation Mechanisms for Global Atmospheric Modeling},
JOURNAL = {J. Atmos. Chem.},
YEAR = 2000,
VOLUME = {37},
PAGES = {29--52},
ABSTRACT = {A new condensed isoprene oxidation mechanism for global atmospheric modeling
(MIM) was derived from a highly detailed master chemical mechanism (MCM). In a
box model intercomparison covering a wide range of boundary layer conditions
the MIM was compared with the MCM and with five other condensed mechanisms,
some of which have already been used in global modeling studies of nonmethane
hydrocarbon chemistry. The results of MCM and MIM were generally in good
agreement, but the other tested mechanisms exhibited substantial differences
relative to the MCM as well as relative to each other. Different formation
yields, reactivities and degradation pathways of organic nitrates formed in the
course of isoprene oxidation were identified as a major reason for the
deviations. The relevance of the box model results for chemistry transport
models is discussed, and the need for a validated reference mechanism and for
an improved representation of isoprene chemistry in global models is pointed
out.},
}
@ARTICLE{joe01,
AUTHOR = {P. J{\"o}ckel and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and B. Steil and C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer and P. J. Crutzen and P. J. Rasch and B. Eaton},
TITLE = {On a fundamental problem in implementing flux-form advection schemes for tracer transport in 3-dimensional general circulation and chemistry transport models},
JOURNAL = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
YEAR = 2001,
VOLUME = {127},
PAGES = {1035--1052},
ABSTRACT = {
A fundamental difficulty in 3-D models is addressed which can arise due to
inconsistencies between advection schemes and winds. It is shown that a model
will fail to meet certain basic criteria, desired of 3-D transport models, when
the density field computed by the advection scheme from the winds differs from
the implied density field based on the surface pressure and the sigma (or
hybrid) coordinates. To allow a rigorous mathematical formulation, the focus is
on the example of a mass flux advection scheme in a model where the winds and
surface pressure are derived from different advection schemes (e.g. a spectral
scheme in a climate model or a westher centre model); however, in principle the
discussion applies to nearly any situation in which the pressure levels change
in a model. To illustrate the potential severity of such problems, a mass
conserving grid- to-grid transformation scheme is constructed which only uses
the current tracer mass mixing-ratio distribution It is shown that only one
solution exists that is comprehensively valid for any arbititary tracer
distribution. and that this type of correction introduces an additional
undesired artificial vertical diffusion component into the model transport that
increases with increasing tracer mass mixing-ratio gradients and may exceed the
physical vertical transport itself. It is demonstrated that the results of any
supplementary fix, either grid-to grid transformation, are generally
unacceptable for global modelling applications. From this, it is concluded that
the only alternative which can produce reliable results for any arbitrary
tracer is to maintain a consistent grid throughout the entire model time step,
where all changes in pressure levels due to modelled advection exactly match
the changes implied by the surface pressure at the next time step. Although
this is already done in some models, this would require significant changes in
the structure of the advection scheme or its input wind fields in several other
contemporary general circulation and chemistry transport models.},
HTTP = {http://leporello.ingentaselect.com/vl=7120077/cl=51/nw=1/rpsv/cw/rms/00359009/v127n573/s17/p1035},
}
@ARTICLE{mei01,
AUTHOR = {S. K. Meilinger and B. K{\"a}rcher and R. von Kuhlmann and Th. Peter},
TITLE = {On the impact of heterogeneous chemistry on ozone in the tropopause region},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2001,
VOLUME = {28},
PAGES = {515--518},
ABSTRACT = {
We examine the impact of heterogeneous chemistry involving liquid aerosol and
ice particles on net ozone (O3) production rates under conditions
representative of the midlatitude upper troposphere (UT) and lowermost
stratosphere (LS). We demonstrate that heterogeneous effects are controlled by
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and by the location of the air masses relative to the
tropopause (TP). The net effect of heterogeneous chemistry is to decrease net
O3 production below the TP (via heterogeneous HO2 loss) and to cause O3
destruction above the TP (via heterogeneous chlorine (Cl) activation). In the
UT, gas phase chemistry due to non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) can become as
important for O3 chemistry as heterogeneous reactions, and removal of HO2 by
particles can become more important than changes of hydrogen oxides (HOx)
through heterogeneous bromine (Br) chemistry. In the humid LS, Cl activation
can become sufficiently large, so that O-3 depletion occurs at all conceivable
values of NOx. Such cold and humid conditions occur frequently enough to reduce
the average ozone production rates in the midlatitude LS by more than 10%.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/mei01.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{hol02,
AUTHOR = {R. Holzinger and E. Sanhueza and R. von Kuhlmann and B. Kleiss and L. Donoso and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Diurnal cycles and seasonal variation of isoprene and its oxidation products in the tropical savanna atmosphere},
JOURNAL = {Global Biogeochem. Cycles},
YEAR = 2002,
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {1074, doi:10.1029/2001GB001421},
ABSTRACT = {
Using the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) technique,
isoprene and its oxidation products were measured in a productive woodland
savanna (Calabozo site, during the wet and dry seasons) and a less productive
grassland savanna (La Gran Sabana, Parupa site). The measured protonated masses
in the PTR-MS, postulated compounds, and daytime average volume mixing ratios
at the Calabozo site during the wet season are: 69 isoprene (1.62 nmol/mol), 71
methyl vinyl ketone + methacrolein (0.98 nmol/mol), 83 3-methyl furan +
unsaturated C-5-hydroxycarbonyls (0.12 nmol/mol), and 101 isoprene
hydroperoxides (0.16 nmol/mol). Significant diurnal cycles of the hydrocarbon
concentrations were observed, with distinct characteristics between sites and
seasons. Two times lower levels of isoprene were observed during the dry
season. At the Parupa site measured concentrations of all masses were about
three times lower than at the Calabozo site during the wet season, and
significant transport of isoprene from upwind forests was observed. Comparison
with a photochemical box model revealed that surface deposition is likely a
significant sink for isoprene and its oxidation products. An isoprene source of
2.1-3.2 x 10(6) molec/cm(3)/s and an HO concentration of 4.1-6.0 x 10(5)
molec/cm(3) averaged over 24 hours were needed to match the observed mixing
ratios. Assuming a mixed boundary layer of 1500 m and an isoprene source half
the strength during the 5 months dry season, a global emission of isoprene to
the atmosphere from tropical savannas between 53 and 79 Tg C/yr can be
calculated from our results if the Calabozo site is representative.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/hol02.pdf},
}
@TECHREPORT{fis01,
AUTHOR = {H. Fischer and C. A. M. Brenninmeijer and R. von Kuhlmann and M. Lawrence and J. M{\"u}hle and U. Parchatka and C. Schiller and V. Wagner and A. Zahn and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {{I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment ({INDOEX}) --- {I}n-situ {M}essungen anthropogener und nat\"urlicher {S}purengase zum {S}tudium der chemischen {A}bbaumechanismen und {T}ransformationen in der maritimen {G}renzschicht des {I}ndischen {O}zeans},
INSTITUTION = {MPI f{\"u}r Chemie},
YEAR = 2001,
TYPE = {{BMBF} {A}bschlu{\ss}bericht},
ADDRESS = {Mainz},
NUMBER = {01 LA 9831/2},
}
@ARTICLE{lab01,
AUTHOR = {L. Labrador and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann},
TITLE = {Evaluation of lightning parameterisations in a global chemistry-transport model},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 2001,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {4938},
}
@ARTICLE{lab02,
AUTHOR = {L. Labrador and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence},
TITLE = {The Effects of Lightning NO$_x$ and its Assumed Vertical Distribution on Tropical Tropospheric Chemistry as Simulated by {MATCH-MPIC}},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 2002,
VOLUME = {4},
PAGES = {6498},
}
@ARTICLE{fis02,
AUTHOR = {H. Fischer and V. Wagner and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence},
TITLE = {On the use of {HCHO} as an Indicator of the Photochemical Activity of the Tropical Troposphere: Application to Observations Made During {INDOEX}},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 2002,
VOLUME = {4},
PAGES = {},
}
@ARTICLE{won02,
AUTHOR = {S. Wong and H. Fischer and J. Williams and P. Hoor and L. Lange and Ch. Br{\"u}hl and R. von Kuhlmann and J. Lelieveld and B. Bregman and H. A. Scheeren and A. Engel and T. Wetter and K.-H. Wolfrohm and F. Arnold and J. Rudolph},
TITLE = {Investigation fo the Variablility of Trace Gases in the Tropopause Region During {STREAM 98}},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 2002,
VOLUME = {4},
PAGES = {},
}
@ARTICLE{poe00b,
AUTHOR = {P{\"o}schl, U. and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Comment on "Methane photooxidation in the atmosphere: Contrast between two methods of analysis" by {H}arold {J}ohnston and {D}ouglas {K}innison},
JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res.},
YEAR = 2000,
VOLUME = {105},
PAGES = {1431--1433},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/poe00b.pdf},
ABSTRACT = {
Excerpts from the abstract of the original paper commented on:
It is our opinion that over the past 20 years, some atmospheric scientists have
used a scientifically incorrect method for finding the contribution of methane
to changes in ozone. [...] An approach was introduced around 1980 that has been
widely used since then, with the valid assumption that in the lower troposphere
the methane smog reactions are the only source of gross ozone production,
P(methane). [...] The object of this paper is to solve for how methane changes ozone in the
troposphere and stratosphere. Crutzen [1973] gave the first treatment of ozone
formation in the global troposphere via methane photooxidation. He considered
radical attack on methane to produce CH, followed by three reaction sequences
that go from CH, to CO,, referred to here as the sequence (SEQ) method. The
present study substantially extends Crutzen's sequence method. [...] A detailed
derivation is given here, branching ratios are evaluated, and the results are
presented as two complicated, closed, algebraic equations, which are valid from
the surface up to the middle stratosphere. The SEQ method contains only ozone
changes caused by the presence of methane. [...] },
}
@MASTERSTHESIS{rvk97,
AUTHOR = {Rolf von Kuhlmann},
TITLE = {Parametrisierung fahrzeug-induzierter {E}ffekte im {S}tadtklima--{M}odell {MISKAM} ({P}arameterisation of traffic-induced effects in the urban-scale model {MISCAM})},
YEAR = 1997,
SCHOOL = {Johannes Gutenberg-Universit{\"a}t Mainz},
ADDRESS = {Mainz, Germany},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rvk97b,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and J. Eichhorn},
TITLE = {Parameterisation of traffic-induced effects in the urban-scale model MISCAM},
YEAR = 1997,
PAGES = {},
EDITOR = {},
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at the European Conference on Urban Pollution},
ADDRESS = {Rhodos, Greece},
}
@PHDTHESIS{rvk01,
AUTHOR = {von Kuhlmann, Rolf},
TITLE = {Tropospheric Photochemistry of Ozone, its Precursors and the Hydroxyl Radical: A 3{D}-Modeling Study Considering Non-Methane Hydrocarbons},
SCHOOL = {Johannes Gutenberg-Universit{\"a}t Mainz},
ADDRESS = {Mainz, Germany},
URL = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/rvkdisshtml},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/rvkdiss.pdf},
YEAR = {2001},
}
@ARTICLE{rvk03a,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Crutzen and P. J. Rasch},
TITLE = {A model for studies of tropospheric ozone and nonmethane hydrocarbons: Model description and ozone results},
JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {108},
NUMBER = {D9},
PAGES = {4294, doi:10.1029/2002JD002893},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed a global three-dimensional
chemistry-meteorology model for studies of ozone and hydrocarbons in the
troposphere, called Model of Atmospheric Transport and
Chemistry-Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Version (MATCH-MPIC). The model
currently calculates the distributions of 54 species and 141 reactions using
a new flexible chemical integration method in connection with a fast general
Rosenbrock solver. The reactions can be easily expanded for future studies
with the model. The model includes updated emission inventories, an explicit
dry deposition scheme, online photolysis rates, extensive budgeting
capabilities and a correction for the so-called “mass-wind
inconsistency” problem. One-year simulations at two different
horizontal resolutions, approximately 1.9° × 1.9° (T63) and
5.6° × 5.6° (T21), both with 28 vertical levels, are
extensively evaluated with available observations from surface stations,
ozonesondes, and field campaigns. The model is generally able to reproduce
the observations of ozone to within 10 nmol/mol, but it overestimates upper
tropospheric ozone at northern high-latitude stations in winter and spring
and tends to underestimate the summer maximum in the free troposphere. In the
tropics the chemical tropopause is sometimes too low. Generally, the
low-resolution run yields only slightly worse agreement with observations
compared to the higher-resolution run, thus making it suitable for further
sensitivity studies. In a simulation using different meteorological data,
O3 agrees much better with observations in the upper troposphere,
possibly because of the higher resolution near the tropopause. The net ozone
production integrated over all tropospheric regions with a net production and
loss separately reveals that the calculated chemically induced redistribution
of ozone in the troposphere is 2–3 times larger than the net
stratospheric influx. Even in the upper troposphere, photochemical production
is of similar magnitude to the stratospheric influence. [The full set of evaluation plots can be found at \url{http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/matcheval}]},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/rvk03a.pdf},
PS = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/rvk03a.ps.gz},
URL = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/matcheval},
O3 evaluation }
}
@ARTICLE{rvk03b,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Crutzen and P. J. Rasch},
TITLE = {A Model for Studies of Tropospheric Ozone and Non-Methane Hydrocarbons: Model Evaluation of Ozone Related Species},
JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {108},
NUMBER = {D23},
PAGES = {4729, doi:10.1019/2002JD003348},
ABSTRACT = {
A global three-dimensional model for studies of the tropospheric chemistry of
HOx, ozone, and their precursors is thorougly evaluated with available
observations of 15 species from surface stations and/or aircraft campaigns.
The effect of grid-resolution was studied by comparing the measurements to
model runs at a high (1.9° × 1.9°) and a reduced resolution.
This study is a follow-up to a previous paper where the model was described and
results for ozone were discussed. A statistical analysis of the complete
comparison of each species is also presented in order to serve as a
quantitative baseline for future evaluations. The seasonality and magnitude of
the CO abundance is well simulated except for an overestimate of up to 20 nmol/mol
in southern low latitudes. The tropospheric mean methane lifetime is
calculated to be 8.7 and 9.1 years for the high and low resolution run,
respectively, in agreement with recent estimates. Industrial emissions of
alkanes from North America appear to be too low in the current data set.
Indications for a biogenic source of propane were found by comparing with
measurements over the Amazon rain forest. Alkene emissions from oceans are
underestimated in the model indicating that they are higher than previous
studies suggested. Nitrogen species are mostly reproduced within a factor of 2
or better, but a general bias to underestimate HNO3 and to overpredict PAN,
especially in remote regions could also be found. NO was well simulated in the
lower and mid troposphere, but significantly understimated in the upper
troposphere. A sensitivity run shows that studies are needed to better
constrain the rate constants for the thermal equilibrium of PAN. Acetone is
often underestimated indicating that additional wide-spread sources, likely
oceanic, are present. The comparison with other oxygenated species
(acetaldehyde, methanol, formic and acetic acid) indicates severe gaps in our
understanding of the present budgets of these species. In particular the
underestimate of acetaldehyde implies large missing sources (order 100 Tg/yr)
of this compound. [The full set of evaluation plots can be found at \url{http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/matcheval}]},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/rvk03b.pdf},
PS = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/rvk03b.ps.gz},
URL = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/matcheval},
}
@ARTICLE{rvk02a,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Effects of Higher Hydrocarbon Chemistry on Tropospheric Trace Gases and the Yield of CO from Hydrocarbon Oxidation},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 2002,
VOLUME = {4},
PAGES = {},
}
@ARTICLE{rvk04,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and U. P{\"o}schl and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Sensitivities in global scale modeling of isoprene},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {1--17},
ABSTRACT = {
A sensitivity study of the treatment of isoprene and related parameters in 3D
atmospheric models was conducted using the global model of tropospheric
chemistry MATCH-MPIC. A total of twelve sensitivity scenarios which can be
grouped into four thematic categories were performed. These four categories
consist of simulations with different chemical mechanisms, different
assumptions concerning the deposition characteristics of intermediate products,
assumptions concerning the nitrates from the oxidation of isoprene and
variations of the source strengths. The largest differences in ozone compared
to the reference simulation occured when a different isoprene oxidation scheme
was used (up to 30--60\% or about 10 nmol/mol). The largest differences in the
abundance of peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) were found when the isoprene emission
strength was reduced by 50\% and in tests with increased or decreased efficiency
of the deposition of intermediates. The deposition assumptions were also found
to have a significant effect on the upper tropospheric HOx production.
Different implicit assumptions about the loss of intermediate products were
identified as a major reason for the deviations among the tested isoprene
oxidation schemes. The total tropospheric burden of O3 calculated in the
sensitivity runs is increased compared to the background methane chemistry by
26$\pm$9 Tg(O3) from 273 to an average from the sensitivity runs of 299 Tg(O3).
Thus, there is a spread of $\pm$35\% of the overall effect of isoprene in the model
among the tested scenarios. This range of uncertainty and the much larger local
deviations found in the test runs suggest that the treatment of isoprene in
global models can only be seen as a first order estimate at present, and points
towards specific processes in need of focused future work.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/4/1/acp-4-1.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{law01b,
AUTHOR = {M. G. Lawrence and P. J{\"o}ckel and R. von Kuhlmann},
TITLE = {What does the global mean {OH} concentration tell us?},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2001,
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {37--49},
ABSTRACT = {
The global mean OH concentration ([ OH](GM)) has been used as an indicator of
the atmospheric oxidizing efficiency and its changes over time. It is also used
for evaluating the performance of atmospheric chemistry models by comparing
with other models or with observationally-based reference [OH](GM) levels. We
contend that the treatment of this quantity in the recent literature renders it
problematic for either of these purposes. Several different methods have
historically been used to compute [OH](GM) : weighting by atmospheric mass or
volume, or by the reaction with CH4 or CH3CCl3. In addition, these have been
applied over different domains to represent the troposphere. While it is clear
that this can lead to inconsistent [OH](GM) values, to date there has been no
careful assessment of the differences expected when [OH](GM) is computed using
various weightings and domains. Here these differences are considered using
four different 3D OH distributions, along with the weightings mentioned above
applied over various atmospheric domains. We find that the [OH](GM) values
computed based on a given distribution but using different domains for the
troposphere can result in differences of 10% or more, while different
weightings can lead to differences of up to 30%, comparable to the uncertainty
which is commonly stated for [OH](GM) or its trend. Thus, at present comparing
[OH](GM) values from different studies does not provide clearly interpretable
information about whether the OH amounts are actually similar or not, except in
the few cases where the same weighting and domain have been used in both
studies. We define the atmospheric oxidizing efficiency of OH with respect to a
given gas as the inverse of the lifetime of that gas, and show that this is
directly proportional to the [OH](GM) value weighted by the reaction with that
gas, where the proportionality constant depends on the temperature distribution
and the domain. We find that the airmass-weighted and volume-weighted [OH](GM)
values, in contrast, are generally poor indicators of the global atmospheric
oxidizing efficiency with respect to gases such as CH4 and CH3CCl3 with a
strong temperature dependence in their reaction with OH. We recommend that
future studies provide both the airmass-weighted and the CH4-reaction-weighted
[OH](GM) values, over the domain from the surface to a climatological
tropopause. The combination of these values helps to reduce the chance of
coincidental agreement between very different OH distributions. Serious
evaluations of modeled OH concentrations would best be done with
airmass-weighted [OH](GM) broken down into atmospheric sub-compartments,
especially focusing on the tropics, where the atmospheric oxidizing efficiency
is the greatest for most gases.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/1/37/acp-1-37.pdf},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rvg01,
AUTHOR = {R. von Glasow and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and R. Sander and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Modeling halogen chemistry in the troposphere},
YEAR = 2001,
PAGES = {},
EDITOR = {},
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at AGU fall meeting, San Francisco},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rvg02,
AUTHOR = {R. von Glasow and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and R. Sander and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Modeling halogen chemistry in the troposphere: Results from a global 3{D} model},
YEAR = 2002,
PAGES = {},
EDITOR = {},
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at AGU fall meeting, San Francisco},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kuh99,
AUTHOR = {Kuhn, M. and V. Lindfors and U. P{\"o}schl and R. von Kuhlmann and N. Poisson and W. R. Stockwell},
TITLE = {Performance of chemical mechanisms for the degradation of biogenic {VOC}s},
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of {EUROTRAC} Symposium 1998},
PUBLISHER = {WIT Press},
EDITOR = {P. M. Borrell and P. Borrell},
PAGES = {435--439},
ADDRESS = {Boston Southampton},
YEAR = 1999,
}
@ARTICLE{law03,
AUTHOR = {M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Rasch and R. von Kuhlmann and J. Williams and H. Fischer and M. de Reus and J. Lelieveld and P. J. Crutzen and M. Schultz and P. Stier and H. Huntrieser and J. Heland and A. Stohl and C. Forster and H. Elbern and H. Jakobs and R. R. Dickerson},
TITLE = {Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during {MINOS}, {CONTRACE}, and {INDOEX}},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {267--289},
ABSTRACT = {
The first global tropospheric forecasts of O3 and its precursors have been used
in the daily flight planning of field measurement campaigns. The 3-D
chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC is driven by meteorological data from a
weather center (NCEP) to produce daily 3-day forecasts of the global
distributions Of O3 and related gases, as well as regional CO tracers. This
paper describes the forecast system and its use in three field campaigns,
MINOS, CONTRACE and INDOEX. An overview is given of the forecasts by MATCH-MPIC
and by three other chemical weather forecast models (EURAD, ECHAM, and
FLEXPART), focusing on O3 and CO. Total CO and regional CO tracers were found
to be the most valuable gases for flight planning, due to their relatively
well-defined anthropogenic source regions and lifetimes of one to a few months.
CO was in good agreement with the observations on nearly all the flights
(generally r > 0.7, and the relative RMS differences for the deviations from
the means was less than 20%). In every case in which the chemical weather
forecasts were primarily responsible for the flight plans, the targeted
features were observed. Three forecasted phenomena are discussed in detail:
outflow from Asia observed in the Mediterranean upper troposphere during MINOS,
outflow from North America observed in the middle troposphere over northern
Europe during CONTRACE, and the location of the "chemical ITCZ" over the Indian
Ocean during INDOEX. In particular it is shown that although intercontinental
pollution plumes such as those observed during MINOS and CONTRACE occur
repeatedly during the months around the campaigns, their frequency is
sufficiently low (similar to10-30% of the time) that global chemical weather
forecasts are important for enabling them to be observed during
limited-duration field campaigns. The MATCH-MPIC chemical weather forecasts,
including an interface for making customized figures from the output, are
available for community use via \url{http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~lawrence/forecasts.html}.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/267/acp-3-267.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{pra03,
AUTHOR = {Prather, Michael and Gauss, Michael and Berntsen, Terje and Isaksen, Ivar and Sundet, Jostein and Bey, Isabelle and Brasseur, Guy and Dentener, Frank and Derwent, Richard and Stevenson, David and Grenfell, Lee and Hauglustaine, Didier and Horowitz, Larry and Jacob, Daniel and Mickley, Loretta and Lawrence, Mark and Rolf von Kuhlmann and M{\"u}ller, Jean-Francois and Pitari, Giovanni and Rogers, Helen and Johnson, Matthew and Pyle, John and Law, Kathy and van Weele, Michiel and Wild, Oliver},
TITLE = {Fresh air in the 21st Century?},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {30},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {1100, doi:10.1029/2002GL016285},
ABSTRACT = {
Ozone is an air quality problem today for much of the world's population.
Regions can exceed the ozone air quality standards (AQS) through a combination
of local emissions, meteorology favoring pollution episodes, and the clean-air
baseline levels of ozone upon which pollution builds. The IPCC 2001 assessment
studied a range of global emission scenarios and found that all but one
projects increases in global tropospheric ozone during the 21st century. By
2030, near-surface increases over much of the northern hemisphere are estimated
to be about 5 ppb (+2 to +7 ppb over the range of scenarios). By 2100 the two
more extreme scenarios project baseline ozone increases of >20 ppb, while the
other four scenarios give changes of -4 to +10 ppb. Even modest increases in
the background abundance of tropospheric ozone might defeat current AQS
strategies. The larger increases, however, would gravely threaten both urban
and rural air quality over most of the northern hemisphere.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/pra03.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{bou03,
AUTHOR = {O. Boucher and C. Moulin and S. Belviso and O. Aumont and L. Bopp and E. Cosme and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and M. Pham and M. S. Reddy and J. Sciare and C. Venkataraman},
TITLE = {{DMS} atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study to the {DMS} source representation and oxidation},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {49--65},
ABSTRACT = {
The global sulphur cycle has been simulated using a general circulation model
with a focus on the source and oxidation of atmospheric dimethylsulphide (DMS).
The sensitivity of atmospheric DMS to the oceanic DMS climatology, the
parameterisation of the sea-air transfer and to the oxidant fields have been
studied. The importance of additional oxidation pathways (by O3 in the gas- and
aqueous-phases and by BrO in the gas phase) not incorporated in global models
has also been evaluated. While three different climatologies of the oceanic DMS
concentration produce rather similar global DMS fluxes to the atmosphere at
24-27 Tg-S/yr, there are large differences in the spatial and seasonal
distribution. The relative contributions of OH and NO3 radicals to DMS
oxidation depends critically on which oxidant fields are prescribed in the
model. Oxidation by O3 appears to be significant at high latitudes in both
hemispheres. Oxidation by BrO could be significant even for BrO concentrations
at sub-pptv levels in the marine boundary layer. The impact of such refinements
on the DMS chemistry onto the indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic
sulphate aerosols is also discussed.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/49/acp-3-49.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{kor03,
AUTHOR = {R. Kormann and H. Fischer and M. de Reus and M. Lawrence and Ch. Br{\"u}hl and R. von Kuhlmann and R. Holzinger and J. Williams and J. Lelieveld and C. Warneke and J. de Gouw and J. Heland and H. Ziereis and H. Schlager},
TITLE = {Formaldehyde over the eastern {M}editerranean during {MINOS}: Comparison of airborne in-situ measurements with 3D-model results},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {851-861},
ABSTRACT = {
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important intermediate product in the photochemical
degradation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds. In August
2001, airborne formaldehyde measurements based on the Hantzsch reaction
technique were performed during the Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study,
MINOS. The detection limit of the instrument was 42 pptv (1 $\sigma$) at a time
resolution of 180 s (10-90%). The overall uncertainty of the HCHO measurements
was 30% at a mixing ratio of 300 pptv. In the marine boundary layer over the
eastern Mediterranean Sea average HCHO concentrations were of the order of 1500
pptv, in reasonable agreement with results from a three-dimensional global
chemical transport model of the lower atmosphere including non-methane volatile
organic compound (NMVOC) chemistry. Above the boundary layer HCHO mixing ratios
decreased with increasing altitude to a minimum level of 250 pptv at about 7
km. At higher altitudes (above 7 km) HCHO levels showed a strong dependency on
the airmass origin. In airmasses from the North Atlantic/North American area
HCHO levels were of the order of 300 pptv, a factor of 6 higher than values
predicted by the model. Even higher HCHO levels, increasing to values of the
order of 600 pptv at 11 km altitude, were observed in easterlies transporting
air affected by the Indian monsoon outflow towards the Mediterranean basin.
Only a small part (similar to30 pptv) of the large discrepancy between the
model results and the measurements of HCHO in the free troposphere could be
explained by a strong underestimation of the upper tropospheric acetone
concentration by up to a factor of ten by the 3D-model. Therefore, the
measurement-model difference in the upper troposphere remains unresolved, while
the observed dependency of HCHO on airmass origin might indicate that unknown,
relatively long-lived NMVOCs - or their reaction intermediates - associated
with biomass burning are at least partially responsible for the observed
discrepancies. },
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/851/acp-3-851.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{sal03,
AUTHOR = {G. Salisbury and J. Williams and R. Holzinger and V. Gros and N. Mihalopoulos and M. Vrekoussis and R. Sarda-Est\`eve and H. Berresheim and R. von Kuhlmann and M. Lawrence and J. Lelieveld},
TITLE = {Ground-based {PTR-MS} measurements of reactive organic compounds during the {MINOS} campaign in {C}rete, {J}uly-{A}ugust 2001 },
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {925-940},
ABSTRACT = {
This study presents measurements of acetonitrile, benzene, toluene, methanol
and acetone made using the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)
technique at the Finokalia ground station in Crete during the Mediterranean
INtensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) in July August 2001. Three periods during the
campaign with broadly consistent back trajectories are examined in detail. In
the first, air was advected from Eastern Europe without significant biomass
burning influence ( mean acetonitrile mixing ratio 154 pmol/mol). In the second
period, the sampled air masses originated in Western Europe, and were advected
approximately east-south-east, before turning southwest over the Black Sea and
north-western Turkey. The third well-defined period included air masses
advected from Eastern Europe passing east and south of/over the Sea of Azov,
and showed significant influence by biomass burning ( mean acetonitrile mixing
ratio 436 pmol/mol), confirmed by satellite pictures. The mean toluene: benzene
ratios observed in the three campaign periods described were 0.35, 0.37 and
0.22, respectively; the use of this quantity to determine air mass age is
discussed. Methanol and acetone were generally well-correlated both with each
other and with carbon monoxide throughout the campaign. Comparison of the
acetone and methanol measurements with the MATCH-MPIC model showed that the
model underestimated both species by a factor of 4, on average. The
correlations between acetone, methanol and CO implied that the relatively high
levels of methanol observed during MINOS were largely due to direct biogenic
emissions, and also that biogenic sources of acetone were highly significant
during MINOS ( similar to 35%). This in turn suggests that the model deficit in
both species may be due, at least in part, to missing biogenic emissions.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/925/acp-3-925.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{lad03,
AUTHOR = {Ladst{\"a}tter-Wei{\ss}enmayer, A. and J. Heland. and R. Kormann and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and J. Meyer-Arneka and A. Richter and F. Wittrock and H. Ziereis and J. P. Burrows},
TITLE = {Transport and build-up of tropospheric trace gases during the {MINOS} campaign: Comparison of {GOME}, in situ aircraft measurements and {MATCH-MPIC}-data},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {1887--1902},
ABSTRACT = {
The MINOS (Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study) campaign was an
international, multi-platform field campaign to measure long-range transport of
air-pollution and aerosols from South East Asia and Europe towards the
Mediterranean basin during August 2001. High pollution events were observed
during this campaign. For the Mediterranean region enhanced tropospheric
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO), which are precursors of
tropospheric ozone (O3), were detected by the satellite based GOME (Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment) instrument and compared with airborne in situ
measurements as well as with the output from the global 3D
photochemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC (Model of Atmospheric Transport and
CHemistry - Max Planck Institute for Chemistry). The increase of pollution in
that region leads to severe air quality degradation with regional and global
implications.
},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/1887/acp-3-1887.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{roe03,
AUTHOR = {Roelofs, G. J. and Kentarchos, A. S. and Trickl, T. and Stohl, A. and Collins, W. J. and Crowther, R. A. and Hauglustaine, D. and Klonecki, A. and Law, K. S. and Lawrence, M. G. and von Kuhlmann, R. and van Weele, M.},
TITLE = {Intercomparison of tropospheric ozone models: Ozone transport in a complex tropopause folding event},
JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {108},
NUMBER = {D12},
PAGES = {8529, doi:10.1029/2003JD003462},
ABSTRACT = {The present generation of tropospheric chemistry
models applies horizontal and vertical model resolutions that are sufficiently
fine to represent synoptic-scale processes. In this study we compare
simulations of a tropopause folding event on 20-21 June 2001 from six
tropospheric ozone models with tropospheric ozone profiles observed at
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany). The event involves air masses of
stratospheric origin and of North Atlantic and North American tropospheric
origin. Two coupled chemistry-climate models, three chemistry-transport models,
and one chemistry-trajectory model participate in the intercomparison. The
models do not explicitly include stratospheric chemistry, and stratospheric
ozone is parameterized instead. The horizontal resolution of the Eulerian
models, T42 (2.8° × 2.8°) or finer, appears adequate to represent two
prominent features, namely, the stratospheric intrusion descending from the
upper troposphere to about 4 km altitude on the first day and an ozone-poor air
mass of marine origin in the lower troposphere on the second day. The ozone
distribution from the Lagrangian model is less representative because of an
insufficient air parcel density. Major discrepancies between model results and
observations are the underestimation of ozone levels in the intrusion, too
strong downward transport of ozone between the lower stratosphere and the upper
troposphere on the first day, and too fast and deep descent of the intrusion.
Accurate representation of ozone levels in the intrusion depends directly on
the accuracy of the simulated ozone in the lower stratosphere. Additionally,
for Eulerian models a relatively coarse vertical resolution in the tropopause
region may add to inaccuracies in the simulated ozone distributions.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/roe03.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{gro03,
AUTHOR = {V. Gros and J. Williams and J. A. van Aardenne and G. Salisbury and R. Hofmann and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and J. Lelieveld and M. Krol and H. Berresheim and J. M. Lobert and E. Atlas},
TITLE = {Origin of anthropogenic hydrocarbons and halocarbons measured in the summertime european outflow (on {C}rete in 2001)},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {1223-1235},
ABSTRACT = {
During the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study MINOS in August 2001, 87 air
samples were collected at the ground-based station Finokalia (35°19'N, 25°40'E)
on the north coast of Crete and subsequently analysed by GC-MS. The analysis
includes various hydrocarbons, organo-halogens, HCFCs and CFCs. These compounds
have a wide variety of sources and sinks and a large range of atmospheric
lifetimes. We evaluated the characteristics of the sampling site in terms of
proximity to individual sources by plotting the measured variability of these
species against lifetime. The resulting linear relationship suggests that the
sampling site is representative of intermediate conditions between a remote
site and one that is in the vicinity of a wide variety of sources. Our analysis
of air mass origin and chemical ratios also shows that several distinct
anthropogenic sources influenced the atmospheric composition over Crete.
Propane observations are compared to a global model to assess the fossil fuel
related emission inventory. Although the model reproduces the general pattern
of the propane variations, the model mixing ratios are systematically too low
by a factor of 1.5 to 3, probably due to an underestimation of the propane
emissions from east European countries in the underlying global database EDGAR.
Another important finding was that methyl chloroform, a compound banned under
the Montreal protocol, showed significant enhancements from background, which
were well correlated with CFC-113. This suggests continued use and emission of
methyl chloroform by one or more European countries. We also discuss the
observed variations of methyl bromide and suggest that the significant peak
observed on 12 August 2001 reflects heavy agricultural use as a soil fumigant
in Italy.},
PDF = {http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/3/1223/acp-3-1223.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{lab04,
AUTHOR = {L. J. Labrador and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence},
TITLE = {Strong sensitivity of the global mean {OH} concentration and the tropospheric oxidizing efficiency to the source of {NO}$_x$ from lightning},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {31},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {L06102, doi:10.1029/2003GL019229},
ABSTRACT = {Production of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) by lightning (LtNOx)
is the most uncertain among the global NOx sources, with recent estimates
ranging from about 1-20 Tg(N)/yr. Previous studies of LtNOx have focused
mainly on its role in the tropospheric NOy (reactive nitrogen) and O3 budgets.
We show that the global mean OH concentration is also very sensitive to
LtNOx. Furthermore, despite the fact that the largest changes in NOx due to
lightning are in the upper troposphere, where reactions with OH are generally
slower, we find that the sensitivity of the mean tropospheric lifetime of
methane (CH4) and methylchloroform (CH3CCl3) to assumptions about LtNOx are as
large as the sensitivity of the tropospheric O3 burden. Thus, an improved
understanding of LtNOx will be important for our ability to accurately
simulate the tropospheric oxidizing efficiency and its changes over time.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/lab04.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{kun04,
AUTHOR = {T. Kunhikrishnan and M. G. Lawrence and Rolf von Kuhlmann and A. Richter and A. Ladst{\"a}tter-Wei{\ss}enmayer and J. P. Burrows},
TITLE = {Analysis of tropospheric {NO}$_x$ over {A}sia using the {M}odel of {A}tmospheric {T}ransport and {C}hemistry ({MATCH-MPIC}) and {GOME}-satellite observations},
JOURNAL = {Atmos. Environ.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {581--596},
DOI = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.074},
ABSTRACT={
The distribution and budget of tropospheric NOx over Asia, especially India,
are examined using the global 3D chemistry meteorology model MATCH-MPIC
and GOME NO2 columns. Enhanced abundances of NO2 over China and northeast India
are reproduced by the model, as are the pronounced maxima during biomass
burning periods, though somewhat underestimated. The mean NO2 column over India
is also reproduced, though the model has trouble with the seasonal cycle for
unknown reasons. Model sensitivity tests for the Indian region indicate that
the scaled sensitivity to changes in the local NOx source is 60-70% for
lower tropospheric NOx and is only 10-25% for tropospheric O3,
indicating that moderate reductions or increases in current NOx emissions are
not expected to lead to large changes in regional O3 levels. In the upper
troposphere, during winter nearly all of the NOx comes from remote sources,
while in summer deep convection causes the upper troposphere to become
sensitive to local surface emissions (~40-50% scaled sensitivity) and
lightning NOx production (~10-20%). The regional lifetime of NOx
estimated for India, based on MATCH output is about 15-23 h, comparable
to the lifetime of NOx over China (14-21 h), while over Indonesia
(23-43 h) and North Asia (21-47 h), it is longer and highly
seasonal. Implications of these results are discussed.},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rvk98,
AUTHOR = {von Kuhlmann, R. and P{\"o}schl, U. and Lawrence, M. G. and Poisson, N. and Kanakidou,
M. and Crutzen, P. J.},
TITLE = {The effect of isoprene chemistry on the global distribution of trace gases},
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at the Joint International Symposium on Global
Atmospheric Chemistry, Seattle, Washington},
YEAR = 1998,
}
@ARTICLE{rvk99,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and U. P{\"o}schl and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Sensitivity studies of isoprene and acetone chemistry in a 3{D} global model},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
YEAR = 1999,
VOLUME = {1},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {498},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kuh98b,
AUTHOR = {M. Kuhn and U. P{\"o}schl and R. von Kuhlmann and W. R. Stockwell},
TITLE = {Intercomparison of chemical mechanisms for the degradation of isoprene},
YEAR = 1998,
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at the FECS conference, Kopenhagen},
}
@INBOOK{law03b,
AUTHOR = {Mark G. Lawrence and T. Kunhikrishnan and Rolf von Kuhlmann},
TITLE = {Global Photochemical Model Evaluation using {GOME} Tropospheric Column Data},
BOOKTITLE = {Sounding the Troposphere from Space: A New Era for Atmospheric Chemistry},
YEAR = 2003,
EDITOR = {Peter Borrell and Patricia M. Borrell and John P. Burrows and Ulrich Platt},
PAGES = {241--250},
PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
ADDRESS = {Heidelberg},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{kun02,
AUTHOR = {T. Kunhikrishnan and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and A. Richter and A. Ladst{\"a}tter-Wei{\"s}enmayer and J. P. Burrows},
TITLE = {Studies of Asian {NO}$_x$ column using {MATCH-MPIC} and {GOME} data},
ORGANISATION = {paper presented at the EUROTRAC-2 Symposium},
YEAR = 2002,
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{bon03b,
AUTHOR = {B. Bonn and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and G. K. Moortgat},
TITLE = {Atmospheric {SOA} formation from biogenic terpenes --- Laboratory nucleation thresholds
and aerosol mass yields using a global chemistry model},
YEAR = 2003,
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at {PHOENIX} Workshop on "Organic Aerosols"},
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{rvk01b,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Crutzen and P. J. Rasch},
TITLE = {A new model for studies of tropospheric ozone and non-methane hydrocarbons: Characteristics, Evaluation, and Budgets of {MATCH-MPIC}, Version 3},
YEAR = 2001,
ORGANIZATION = {paper presented at the AGU fall meeting, San Francisco},
}
@ARTICLE{rvk00,
AUTHOR = {R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence and P. J. Crutzen},
TITLE = {Effects of convective transport of {NMHC}s and their wet deposition on the composition of the upper troposphere: A 3{D} modeling study},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Abstr.},
VOLUME = {2},
PAGES = {983},
YEAR = 2000,
}
@ARTICLE{law03c,
AUTHOR = {Lawrence, Mark G. and von Kuhlmann, Rolf and Salzmann, Marc and Rasch, Philip J.},
TITLE = {The balance of effects of deep convective mixing on tropospheric ozone},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {30},
NUMBER = {18},
PAGES = {1940, doi:10.1029/2003GL017644},
ABSTRACT = {
The balance of effects that vertical transport associated with deep cumulus
convection has on tropospheric O3 is discussed. We first show theoretically
that convective mixing of O3 can substantially reduce its column mean lifetime
over clean regions, while a much smaller increase is generally expected over
polluted regions. The global chemistry-transport model MATCH-MPIC confirms
this, computing a 6% decrease in the annual mean tropospheric O3 burden and a
7% decrease in its lifetime due to convective transport of O3 alone. We find,
however, that the net effect of convective transport of all trace gases (O3 and
precursors together) is a 12% increase in the tropospheric O3 burden. Thus, in
contrast to previous literature, our results indicate that the enhanced O3
production due to precursor transport from polluted regions significantly
outweighs the reduction in O3 lifetime due to mixing over clean regions.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/law03c.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{not03,
AUTHOR={J. Notholt and D. Weisenstein and B. P. Luo and M. Rex and S. Fueglistaler and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and T. Warneke and H. Bingemer and I. Wohltmann and Th. Peter},
TITLE = {Influence of tropospheric {SO}$_2$ emissions on atmospheric particle formation and the stratospheric humidity},
JOURNAL = {submitted manuscript},
YEAR = 2003,
VOLUME = {},
NUMBER = {},
PAGES = {},
}
@ARTICLE{kun04b,
AUTHOR = {T. Kunhikrishnan and M. G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and A. Richter and A. Ladst{\"a}tter-Wei{\ss}enmayer and J. P. Burrows},
TITLE = {Semiannual {NO}$_2$ plumes during the monsoon transition periods over the central {I}ndian {O}cean},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {31},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {L08110, doi:10.1029/2003GL019269},
ABSTRACT = {
In this study we identify recurring plumes of tropospheric NO$_2$ originating from
Africa and Indonesia during the monsoon transition periods over the central
Indian Ocean (CIO, 5°N 30°S, 55°E 95°E), based on GOME satellite observations
and global model (MATCH-MPIC) simulations. Despite the relatively short lifetime
of NO$_x$, these strong plumes can develop due to the pronounced anti-cyclonic
circulation over the CIO, and the weak maritime convection, which limits
vertical mixing. Model results indicate that the plumes are mainly transported
in the middle troposphere (MT). Thus, the CIO in the Southern Hemisphere (SH)
is not always as pristine as found in INDOEX during the winter monsoon.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/kun04b.pdf},
}
@ARTICLE{gro04,
AUTHOR = {V. Gros and J. Williams and M.G. Lawrence and R. von Kuhlmann and J. van Aardenne and E. Atlas and A. Chuck and D. P. Edwards and M. Krol},
TITLE = {Tracing the Origin and Ages of Interlaced Atmospheric Pollution Events over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean with in-situ Measurements, Satellites, Trajectories, Emission Inventories and Global Models},
JOURNAL = {J. Geophys. Res.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {},
NUMBER = {},
PAGES = {submitted},
}
@ARTICLE{bon04,
AUTHOR = {B. Bonn and R. von Kuhlmann and M. G. Lawrence},
TITLE = {High contribution of biogenic hydroperoxides to secondary organic aerosol formation},
JOURNAL = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {31},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {L10108, doi:10.1029/2003GL019172},
ABSTRACT = {
Secondary organic aerosols are believed to make an important contribution to
the atmospheric radiation budget, though the exact mechanisms responsible for
their formation are still uncertain. We compute a remarkably large
contribution of hydroperoxides from the oxidation of biogenic monoterpenes.
Although currently neglected in aerosol models, the hydroperoxides lead to
63\% of our calculated global secondary organic aerosol formation, whereas
carboxylic acids, usually considered as the dominant secondary organic
aerosol precursors, were responsible for only 26\%. Detailed studies are
needed to determine the implications of this aerosol formation pathway for
the total atmospheric aerosol burden and its impacts on climate.},
PDF = {http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~kuhlmann/papers/bon04.pdf},
}
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